Codes and standards library
Design codes and standards from India and around the world, described in our own words and cited by designation only. Filter by country or subject. No standard is ranked above another; withdrawn codes are marked historical.
By country: India · USA · UK · Europe · Germany · Japan · Australia · Canada · International
| Country | Designation | Scope (our words) | Status | Subjects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | CPHEEO Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management (2016) | Central government manual for collection, processing and disposal of city waste. | current | Solid Waste Management |
| India | CPHEEO Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems (2013) | Central government manual for sewer networks and sewage treatment plants. | current | Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering, Environmental Engineering (overview) |
| India | CPHEEO Manual on Water Supply and Treatment | Central government manual for planning, design and operation of public water supply. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Environmental Engineering (overview) |
| India | EIA Notification, 2006 (MoEFCC) | Which projects need prior environmental clearance and the steps to obtain it. | current | Environmental Impact Assessment |
| India | IRC:112 | Code of practice for concrete road bridges. | current | Prestressed Concrete, Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:119 | Guidelines for traffic safety barriers. | current | Highway Engineering, Transportation Engineering |
| India | IRC:22 | Composite (steel-concrete) construction for road bridges. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:24 | Steel road bridges (limit state method). | current | Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:35 | Code of practice for road markings. | current | Highway Engineering, Transportation Engineering |
| India | IRC:37 | Guidelines for the design of flexible pavements. | current | Highway Engineering, Pavement Design |
| India | IRC:58 | Guidelines for the design of plain jointed rigid pavements for highways. | current | Pavement Design |
| India | IRC:6 | Standard specifications for road bridges: loads and load combinations. | current | Bridge Engineering, Flyovers and Interchanges |
| India | IRC:67 | Code of practice for road signs. | current | Transportation Engineering, Highway Engineering |
| India | IRC:73 | Geometric design standards for rural (non-urban) highways. | current | Transportation Engineering, Highway Engineering |
| India | IRC:78 | Foundations and substructure of road bridges. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:79 | Recommended practice for road delineators. | current | Highway Engineering, Transportation Engineering |
| India | IRC:83 (Parts I to IV) | Road bridge bearings: metallic, elastomeric, pot and spherical types by part. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:86 | Geometric design standards for urban roads. | current | Transportation Engineering, Highway Engineering, Flyovers and Interchanges |
| India | IRC:SP:59 | Guidelines for use of geosynthetics in road pavements and associated works. | current | Highway Engineering, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IRC:SP:69 | Guidelines and specifications for expansion joints in road bridges. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| India | IRC:SP:91 | Guidelines for road tunnels. | current | Tunnel Engineering |
| India | IRS Concrete Bridge Code (RDSO) | Design and construction of concrete railway bridges. | current | Bridge Engineering, Railway Engineering |
| India | IRS T-12 (RDSO) | Indian Railway standard specification for flat-bottom rails. | current | Railway Engineering |
| India | IS 10262 | Guidelines for proportioning concrete mixes. | current | Concrete Technology |
| India | IS 10500 | Specification for drinking water quality. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Environmental Engineering (overview) |
| India | IS 1077 | Common burnt clay building bricks. | current | Building Materials, Building Construction |
| India | IS 1172 | Basic requirements for water supply, drainage and sanitation, including per-capita demand. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| India | IS 1199 | Methods of sampling and analysis of fresh concrete, including slump. | current | Concrete Technology |
| India | IS 1200 (series) | Method of measurement of building and civil engineering works, one part per trade. | current | Estimation and Quantity Surveying |
| India | IS 1343 | Design and construction of prestressed concrete. | current | Prestressed Concrete |
| India | IS 13920 | Ductile design and detailing of reinforced concrete structures for seismic forces. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Earthquake Engineering |
| India | IS 14268 | Uncoated stress-relieved low-relaxation seven-wire strand for prestressed concrete. | current | Prestressed Concrete |
| India | IS 14846 | Sluice valves for water works purposes. | current | Water Supply Engineering |
| India | IS 1489 (Parts 1 and 2) | Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash and calcined clay based). | current | Concrete Technology, Building Materials |
| India | IS 1498 | Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes. | current | Soil Mechanics |
| India | IS 15462 | Polymer and rubber modified bitumen. | current | Highway Engineering, Pavement Design |
| India | IS 15883 (series) | Guidelines for construction project management, one part per knowledge area. | current | Schedule Management, Quality, Safety and Risk, Project Management, Cost Management |
| India | IS 1742 | Code of practice for building drainage. | current | Building Plumbing |
| India | IS 1786 | High-strength deformed steel bars for concrete reinforcement. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Building Materials |
| India | IS 1893 (Part 1) | Criteria for earthquake-resistant design: seismic zones and how to work out earthquake forces. | current | Structural Analysis, Reinforced Concrete Design, Earthquake Engineering |
| India | IS 1904 | Design and construction of foundations in soils: general requirements. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IS 2062 | Hot-rolled structural steel: grades and requirements. | current | Steel Design, Building Materials |
| India | IS 2065 | Code of practice for water supply in buildings. | current | Building Plumbing |
| India | IS 2185 (series) | Concrete masonry units: hollow and solid blocks, AAC and others by part. | current | Building Materials, Building Construction |
| India | IS 2386 (Parts 1 to 8) | Methods of test for aggregates for concrete: shape, strength, soundness and more. | current | Concrete Technology |
| India | IS 2470 (Parts 1 and 2) | Installation of septic tanks and secondary treatment of their effluent. | current | Building Plumbing, Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering |
| India | IS 2502 | Code of practice for bending and fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Estimation and Quantity Surveying |
| India | IS 269 | Ordinary Portland cement: requirements. | current | Concrete Technology, Building Materials |
| India | IS 2720 (series) | Methods of test for soils: water content, limits, compaction, shear and others, each in its own part. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics |
| India | IS 2911 (series) | Design and construction of pile foundations. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IS 2950 (Part 1) | Design and construction of raft foundations. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IS 3370 (series) | Concrete structures for storage of liquids. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Water Supply Engineering |
| India | IS 383 | Coarse and fine aggregate for concrete: requirements. | current | Building Materials, Concrete Technology |
| India | IS 4326 | Earthquake-resistant design and construction of buildings, including masonry features such as bands. | current | Earthquake Engineering, Building Construction |
| India | IS 455 | Portland slag cement. | current | Concrete Technology, Building Materials |
| India | IS 456 | Plain and reinforced concrete: general rules for materials, durability, design and construction. | current | Concrete Technology, Building Construction, Reinforced Concrete Design |
| India | IS 4651 (series) | Planning and design of ports and harbours. | current | Ports and Harbours |
| India | IS 4880 (series) | Design of tunnels conveying water. | current | Tunnel Engineering, Dams and Hydraulic Structures |
| India | IS 4984 | Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes for water supply. | current | Water Supply Engineering |
| India | IS 4985 | Unplasticised PVC pipes for potable water supply. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| India | IS 516 | Methods of testing concrete for strength (cubes and related tests). | current | Concrete Technology |
| India | IS 5329 | Sanitary pipe work above ground for buildings. | current | Building Plumbing |
| India | IS 6403 | Determination of bearing capacity of shallow foundations. | current | Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IS 6512 | Criteria for design of solid gravity dams. | current | Dams and Hydraulic Structures |
| India | IS 73 | Paving bitumen: viscosity-graded (VG) specification. | current | Highway Engineering, Pavement Design |
| India | IS 7784 (series) | Design of cross-drainage works such as aqueducts and syphons. | current | Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering, Dams and Hydraulic Structures |
| India | IS 800 | General construction in steel: limit state design of steel members and connections. | current | Steel Design |
| India | IS 8009 (Part 1) | Calculation of settlement of shallow foundations. | current | Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| India | IS 8329 | Centrifugally cast ductile iron pressure pipes for water, gas and sewage. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering |
| India | IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5) | Design loads other than earthquake: dead, imposed, wind, snow and load combinations. | current | Structural Analysis, Steel Design, Reinforced Concrete Design |
| India | IS 9103 | Concrete admixtures: specification. | current | Concrete Technology |
| India | Indian Railway Standard Bridge Rules (RDSO) | Loads for railway bridges. | current | Railway Engineering, Bridge Engineering |
| India | Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual | Standards and practice for track laying and maintenance. | current | Railway Engineering |
| India | NBC 2016 Part 9 (Plumbing Services) | Water supply, drainage, sanitation and gas supply within buildings. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| India | National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB, 2009) | Limits for common air pollutants in outdoor air. | current | Air and Noise Pollution |
| India | National Building Code of India 2016 | Model code for buildings: planning, structural design, fire, construction practice and safety, building services. | current | Earthquake Engineering, Building Plumbing, Reinforced Concrete Design, Building Construction, Project Management, Quality, Safety and Risk, Construction Methods and Equipment |
| India | Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 | Ambient noise limits by area category and time of day. | current | Air and Noise Pollution |
| India | Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 | National rules on duties of waste generators and local bodies. | current | Solid Waste Management |
| USA | 40 CFR Part 258 | Federal criteria for municipal solid waste landfills. | current | Solid Waste Management |
| USA | AACE International Recommended Practices | Cost engineering practices, including estimate classification. | current | Schedule Management, Cost Management |
| USA | AACE RP 29R-03 | Recommended practice on forensic schedule analysis. | current | Contracts and Claims, Schedule Management |
| USA | AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (1993) | Empirical pavement design method based on road test data. | current | Highway Engineering, Pavement Design |
| USA | AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications | Load and resistance factor design of highway bridges. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| USA | AASHTO MASH | Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware: crash test procedures for roadside hardware. | current | Highway Engineering |
| USA | ACI 211.1 | Standard practice for selecting proportions for normal, heavyweight and mass concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| USA | ACI 318 | Building code requirements for structural concrete. | current | Concrete Technology, Reinforced Concrete Design, Prestressed Concrete |
| USA | ACI 350 | Code requirements for environmental engineering concrete structures (tanks, treatment plants). | current | Water Supply Engineering, Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering |
| USA | AISC 360 | Specification for structural steel buildings. | current | Steel Design |
| USA | AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering | North American railway engineering recommended practice. | current | Railway Engineering |
| USA | ASCE/SEI 7 | Minimum design loads (dead, live, wind, snow, seismic) for buildings and other structures. | current | Structural Analysis, Reinforced Concrete Design, Steel Design, Earthquake Engineering |
| USA | ASTM A615 | Deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| USA | ASTM A975 | Double-twisted hexagonal mesh gabions and revet mattresses. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Irrigation and Water Resources Engineering |
| USA | ASTM C143 | Slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| USA | ASTM C150 | Portland cement specification. | current | Concrete Technology |
| USA | ASTM C39 | Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. | current | Concrete Technology, Building Materials |
| USA | ASTM C494 | Chemical admixtures for concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| USA | ASTM D1557 | Laboratory compaction of soil using modified effort. | current | Soil Mechanics |
| USA | ASTM D698 | Laboratory compaction of soil using standard effort. | current | Soil Mechanics |
| USA | FAA AC 150/5300-13 | Airport design advisory circular. | current | Airport Engineering |
| USA | FHWA GEC No. 7 | Geotechnical Engineering Circular on soil nail walls. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| USA | International Plumbing Code (ICC) | Model code for plumbing systems in buildings. | current | Building Plumbing |
| USA | NFPA 13 | Installation of sprinkler systems. | current | Building Plumbing |
| USA | National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) | Federal law requiring environmental review of major federal actions. | current | Environmental Impact Assessment |
| USA | PMI PMBOK Guide / ANSI standard for project management | Framework of project management principles and practices. | current | Cost Management, Project Management, Schedule Management |
| USA | Uniform Plumbing Code (IAPMO) | Model code for plumbing systems in buildings. | current | Building Plumbing |
| UK | BS 1377 | Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. | partly superseded by EN ISO 17892 | Soil Mechanics |
| UK | BS 4449 | Steel for the reinforcement of concrete: weldable bar, coil and decoiled product. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| UK | BS 5400 | Steel, concrete and composite bridges. | historical (withdrawn; replaced by Eurocodes) | Bridge Engineering |
| UK | BS 5930 | Code of practice for ground investigations. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics, Engineering Geology, Rock Mechanics |
| UK | BS 5950 | Structural use of steelwork in building. | historical (withdrawn; replaced by Eurocode 3) | Steel Design |
| UK | BS 5975 | Code of practice for temporary works procedures and falsework. | current | Building Construction, Construction Methods and Equipment |
| UK | BS 6349 (series) | Maritime works: planning and design of berths, breakwaters and other marine structures. | current | Ports and Harbours |
| UK | BS 8004 | Code of practice for foundations. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| UK | BS 8006-1 | Code of practice for strengthened/reinforced soils and other fills. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| UK | BS 8110 | Structural use of concrete. | historical (withdrawn; replaced by Eurocode 2) | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| UK | BS 8500 | UK complementary standard to BS EN 206 for specifying concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| UK | NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract | Contract suite built around collaboration and early warning. | current | Procurement and Tendering, Contracts and Claims |
| UK | PAS 1192-2 | Information management for BIM. | historical (superseded by ISO 19650) | Building Information Modelling (BIM) |
| UK | SCL Delay and Disruption Protocol | Guidance on records, delay analysis and extension of time (Society of Construction Law). | current | Contracts and Claims, Schedule Management |
| Europe | EN 10080 | Steel for the reinforcement of concrete: weldable reinforcing steel, general. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Europe | EN 12056 (series) | Gravity drainage systems inside buildings. | current | Building Plumbing |
| Europe | EN 12350 (series) | Testing fresh concrete, including slump. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Europe | EN 12390 (series) | Testing hardened concrete, including compressive strength. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Europe | EN 12591 | Bitumen and bituminous binders: paving grade bitumens. | current | Highway Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1317 (series) | Road restraint systems: performance classes and impact test methods. | current | Highway Engineering |
| Europe | EN 13230 (series) | Concrete sleepers and bearers for railway track. | current | Railway Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1337 (series) | Structural bearings. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| Europe | EN 13674 (series) | Railway rails. | current | Railway Engineering |
| Europe | EN 14487 (series) | Sprayed concrete: definitions, specification and execution. | current | Tunnel Engineering, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Europe | EN 197-1 | Cement: composition and conformity of common cements. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Europe | EN 1990 (Eurocode 0) | Basis of structural design: limit states, combinations and reliability. | current | Structural Analysis, Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Europe | EN 1991 (Eurocode 1) | Actions on structures: self-weight, imposed, wind, snow, thermal, traffic. | current | Structural Analysis, Bridge Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1992 (Eurocode 2) | Design of concrete structures. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Prestressed Concrete |
| Europe | EN 1993 (Eurocode 3) | Design of steel structures. | current | Steel Design |
| Europe | EN 1994 (Eurocode 4) | Design of composite steel and concrete structures. | current | Steel Design, Bridge Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1995 (Eurocode 5) | Design of timber structures. | current | Building Materials |
| Europe | EN 1996 (Eurocode 6) | Design of masonry structures. | current | Building Construction |
| Europe | EN 1997 (Eurocode 7) | Geotechnical design. | current | Engineering Geology, Soil Mechanics, Rock Mechanics, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1998 (Eurocode 8) | Design of structures for earthquake resistance. | current | Earthquake Engineering |
| Europe | EN 1999 (Eurocode 9) | Design of aluminium structures. | current | Building Materials |
| Europe | EN 206 | Concrete: specification, performance, production and conformity. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Europe | EN 752 | Drain and sewer systems outside buildings: management and design. | current | Sanitation and Wastewater Engineering |
| Europe | EN 806 (series) | Installations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| Europe | EN 934-2 | Admixtures for concrete: definitions and requirements. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Europe | ETAG 027 | Falling rock protection kits. | historical (replaced by EAD 340059-00-0106) | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Germany | DIN 1045 (series) | Concrete, reinforced and prestressed concrete structures; now read with Eurocode 2 and its national annex. | current (parts revised) | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Germany | DIN 1054 | Subsoil verification of safety; German supplement to Eurocode 7. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics |
| Germany | DIN 1986-100 | Drainage systems on private ground, supplementing EN 12056 and EN 752. | current | Building Plumbing |
| Germany | DIN 1988 (series) | Technical rules for drinking water installations, supplementing EN 806. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| Germany | DIN 276 | Building costs: cost groups and cost planning stages. | current | Cost Management, Estimation and Quantity Surveying |
| Germany | DIN 4085 | Calculation of earth pressure. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics |
| Germany | DIN 4109 | Sound insulation in buildings. | current | Building Construction, Air and Noise Pollution |
| Germany | DIN 4149 | Buildings in German earthquake areas. | historical (replaced by Eurocode 8 with national annex) | Earthquake Engineering |
| Germany | DIN 69900 | Project management: network techniques. | current | Schedule Management, Project Management |
| Germany | VOB (Parts A, B and C) | German construction contract procedures and general terms. | current | Procurement and Tendering, Contracts and Claims |
| Japan | AIJ Standard for Structural Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures | Architectural Institute of Japan design standard for RC buildings. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Japan | JIS A 1101 | Method of test for slump of concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Japan | JIS A 1108 | Method of test for compressive strength of concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Japan | JIS A 1210 | Test method for soil compaction using a rammer. | current | Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Japan | JIS G 3112 | Steel bars for concrete reinforcement. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Building Materials |
| Japan | JIS R 5210 | Portland cement. | current | Concrete Technology, Building Materials |
| Japan | JIS R 5211 | Portland blast-furnace slag cement. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Japan | JSCE Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures | Japan Society of Civil Engineers specifications for design, construction and maintenance. | current | Concrete Technology, Bridge Engineering, Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Japan | Specifications for Highway Bridges (Japan Road Association) | National design specifications for road bridges. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| Australia | AS 1012 (series) | Methods of testing concrete. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Australia | AS 1170.4 | Earthquake actions in Australia. | current | Earthquake Engineering |
| Australia | AS 1289 (series) | Methods of testing soils for engineering purposes. | current | Soil Mechanics, Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Highway Engineering |
| Australia | AS 1726 | Geotechnical site investigations. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Engineering Geology, Rock Mechanics |
| Australia | AS 2159 | Piling: design and installation. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Australia | AS 3600 | Concrete structures. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Prestressed Concrete |
| Australia | AS 3972 | General purpose and blended cements. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Australia | AS 4000 | General conditions of contract for construction. | current | Contracts and Claims |
| Australia | AS 4100 | Steel structures. | current | Steel Design |
| Australia | AS 4678 | Earth-retaining structures. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering |
| Australia | AS 5100 (series) | Bridge design. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| Australia | AS/NZS 1170 (series) | Structural design actions: loads and combinations. | current | Structural Analysis, Reinforced Concrete Design, Steel Design |
| Australia | AS/NZS 3500 (series) | Plumbing and drainage: water services, sanitary drainage, stormwater, heated water. | current | Water Supply Engineering, Building Plumbing |
| Australia | AS/NZS 4671 | Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Canada | CCDC 2 | Stipulated price contract. | current | Contracts and Claims |
| Canada | CSA A23.1/A23.2 | Concrete materials and methods of construction; test methods. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Canada | CSA A23.3 | Design of concrete structures. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design, Prestressed Concrete |
| Canada | CSA A3000 | Cementitious materials compendium. | current | Concrete Technology |
| Canada | CSA G30.18 | Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement. | current | Reinforced Concrete Design |
| Canada | CSA S16 | Design of steel structures. | current | Steel Design |
| Canada | CSA S6 | Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. | current | Bridge Engineering |
| Canada | Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual (Canadian Geotechnical Society) | National guidance on foundation investigation and design. | current | Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering, Soil Mechanics |
| Canada | National Building Code of Canada | Model building code, including structural loads in Part 4. | current | Structural Analysis, Earthquake Engineering, Reinforced Concrete Design, Steel Design |
| Canada | National Plumbing Code of Canada | Model code for plumbing systems. | current | Building Plumbing |
| International | FIDIC Conditions of Contract (Red, Yellow and Silver Books, 2017 editions) | Standard international contract forms for employer-designed, contractor-designed and turnkey works. | current | Contracts and Claims, Procurement and Tendering |
| International | ICAO Annex 14 | International standards for aerodrome design and operation. | current | Airport Engineering |
| International | ISO 14001 | Environmental management systems. | current | Environmental Impact Assessment |
| International | ISO 19650 (series) | Organisation and digitisation of information about buildings and civil works using BIM. | current | Building Information Modelling (BIM) |
| International | ISO 21500 | Guidance on project management. | current | Project Management |
| International | ISO 31000 | Risk management guidelines. | current | Quality, Safety and Risk |
| International | ISO 45001 | Occupational health and safety management systems. | current | Quality, Safety and Risk |
| International | ISO 9001 | Quality management systems: requirements. | current | Quality, Safety and Risk |
Listed in a fixed country order; no standard is ranked above another. Scopes are our summaries. Buy the standards from the issuing body for exact text.